Chorizandra enodis

Cyperaceae

Black Bristle-sedge,

Black Bristle-rush

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plant: Chorizandra enodis plants Frances

plant: Chorizandra enodis plants north of Frances

plant: Chorizandra enodis plants Topperwein

flower: Chorizandra enodis flower Winery Road 1

flower: Chorizandra enodis flowers Sandergrove

flower: Chorizandra enodis flower Sandergrove

flower: Chorizandra enodis f Denzel Murfet Karrata

flower: Chorizandra enodis fl Denzel Murfet Karrata

Regional Species Conservation Assessments per IBRA subregion.

Least concern

Near threatened

Rare

Vulnerable

Endangered

Critically endangered

Extinct

Data deficient

Adelaide

Arkaroola

Ceduna

Coober Pedy

Hawker

Innamincka

Marla

Marree

Mount Gambier

Oodnadatta

Renmark

Wudinna

Keith

Yunta

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Botanical art

Kath Alcock paintings: 3

Common names

Black Bristle-sedge

Black Bristle-rush

Etymology

Chorizandra from the Greek 'chorizo' meaning to separate and 'aner' meaning a male; referring to the male flowers. Enodis from Latin meaning without knots or smooth.

Distribution and status

Found in the southern part of South Australia, on southern Eyre Peninsula, Kangaroo Island, southern Mount Lofty Ranges and the south-east, growing in damp places. Also found in Western Australia, Victoria and Tasmania. Native. Common in South Australia. Rare in Tasmania. Uncommon in the other states.
Herbarium regions: Eyre Peninsula, Northern Lofty, Murray, Yorke Peninsula, Southern Lofty, Kangaroo Island, South Eastern, Green Adelaide
AVH map: SA distribution map (external link)

Plant description

Perennial sedge with slender but wiry stems to 30 cm high and 1 mm thick, arising from a creeping rhizome. Leaves basal, the inner stem-like, the outer reduced to sheathing bases. Flower-spike a dense globular reddish-black head to 12 mm diaeter, with a long slender stiff erect involucral bract. Flowers in spring and summer. Fruits are dense, dark brown to black spherical flower-heads. Seeds are woody purple-brown ovoid nut to 2.5 mm long and 1.5 mm wide, with a net-like striation on the surface. Seed embryo type is capitate.

Seed collection and propagation

Collect seeds between November and February. Collect heads that are brown and come off easily with your fingers. Place the heads in a tray and leaves to dry for a week. Then rub the heads gently with a rubber bung to dislodge the seed. Use a sieve to separated the unwanted material. Store the seeds with a desiccant such as dried silica beads or dry rice, in an air tight container in a cool and dry place. Seed viability can be low to high depending on season.

Seeds stored:

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Location	No. of seeds (weight grams)	Number of plants	Date collected	Collection number Collection location	Date stored	% Viability	Storage temperature
BGA MSB	4,200 (8.86 g) 4,200 (8.86 g)	200+	8-Nov-2006	PJA143 South Eastern	1-Aug-2007	30%	-18°C
BGA	10,000 (20.14 g)	200+	4-Feb-2017	Winery Road Reserve Southern Lofty	1-Nov-2017	75%	-18°C

Location: BGA — the seeds are stored at the Adelaide Botanic Gardens, MSB — the seeds are stored at the Millennium Seed Bank, Kew, England.
Number of plants: This is the number of plants from which the seeds were collected.
Collection location: The Herbarium of South Australia's region name.
% Viability: Percentage of filled healthy seeds determined by a cut test or x-ray.

Germination table:

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Date	Result	T0	T50	Pre-treatment \| Germination medium \| Incubator: Photoperiod / Thermoperiod
Feb-18	43%	36	NA	Dry Heat 120Â°C 15 min; H2O2 20 min, water rinse; 900 mg/L GA +10% smoke water 24 h 1% agar; Incubated under spring/autumn conditions
Feb-18	37%	29	NA	Dry Heat 100Â°C 15 min; H2O2 20 min, water rinse; 900 mg/L GA +10% smoke water 24 h 1% agar; Incubated under spring/autumn conditions
Feb-18	23%	29	NA	dry Heat 100Â°C 15 min; H2O2 20 min, water rinse; 10% smoke water 24 h 1% agar; Incubated under spring/autumn conditions
Jun-17	7%	70	NA	dry heat 100Â°C oven for 10 min, 30% hydrogen peroxide for 20 min, water rinse, 500 mg/L gibberellic acid for 44 h; 1% agar; Incubated under summer conditions
Feb-18	6%	29	NA	Dry Heat 100Â°C 15 min; H2O2 20 min, water rinse; 900 mg/L GA +1000mg/L KNO3 for 24 h 1% agar; Incubated under spring/autumn conditions
Jul-16	2%	21	NA	seed coat nicked with scalpel, 500 mg/L gibberellic acid + 10% smoke water 72 h; 1% agar; Incubated under spring/autumn conditions
Jul-16	0%	NA	NA	seed coat nicked with scalpel, 500 mg/L gibberellic acid 72 h; 1% agar; Incubated under spring/autumn conditions
Jun-17	0%	NA	NA	30% hydrogen peroxide for 20 min, water rinse, 500 mg/L gibberellic acid for 44 h; 1% agar; Incubated under spring/autumn conditions
Jun-17	0%	NA	NA	dry heat 100Â°C oven for 10 min, 30% hydrogen peroxide for 20 min, water rinse, 500 mg/L gibberellic acid for 44 h; 1% agar; Incubated under spring/autumn conditions
Jun-17	0%	NA	NA	30% hydrogen peroxide for 20 min, water rinse, 500 mg/L gibberellic acid for 44 h; 1% agar; Incubated under summer conditions
Jun-17	0%	NA	NA	30% hydrogen peroxide for 20 min, water rinse, 500 mg/L gibberellic acid for 44 h; 1% agar; Incubated under winter conditions
Jun-17	0%	NA	NA	dry heat 100Â°C oven for 10 min, 30% hydrogen peroxide for 20 min, water rinse, 500 mg/L gibberellic acid for 44 h; 1% agar; Incubated under winter conditions
May-18	0%	NA	NA	Dry Heat 150Â°C 15 min; H2O2 20 min, water rinse; 900 mg/L GA +10% smoke water 24 h 1% agar; Incubated under spring/autumn conditions
May-18	0%			10% smoke water 24 h 1% agar; Incubated under spring/autumn conditions
May-18	0%			500 mg/L GA +10% smoke water 24 h 1% agar; Incubated under spring/autumn conditions
May-18	0%			Dry Heat 120Â°C 10 min; 500 mg/L GA +10% smoke water 24 h 1% agar; Incubated under spring/autumn conditions
May-18	0%			Dry Heat 120Â°C 10 min; H2O2 20 min, water rinse; 500 mg/L GA +10% smoke water 24 h 1% agar; Incubated under spring/autumn conditions

Result: Maximum percentage of germination observed.
T0: Number of days before first germinant observed.
T50: Number of days to achieve 50% germination.
Pre-treatment: The initial treatment that the seeds received prior to placement on germination media.
Germination medium: The substrate that seeds were placed on for the duration of the germination experiment.
Incubator conditions:
Photoperiod: The duration of light exposure that the seeds were subject to during a 24 hour period.
Thermoperiod: The constant or diurnal temperatures that seeds were subject to during a 24 hour period.
Winter conditions: 15°C 20 h (3am→11pm); 5°C 4 h (11pm→3am) / 10 h light (8am→6pm); 14 h dark (6pm→8am)
Spring/Autumn conditions: 22°C 12 h (8am→8pm); 10°C 12 h (8pm→8am) / 12 h light (8am→8pm); 12 h dark (8pm→8am)
Summer conditions: 30°C 14 h (6am→8pm); 15°C 10 h (8pm→6am) / 14 h light (6am→8pm); 10 h dark (8pm→6am)

Mount Gambier (SVP02)	Southern Volcanic Plain	Data Deficient
Bridgewater (NCP01)	Naracoorte Coastal Plain	Rare (IUCN: RA d(i,ii))
Glenelg Plain (NCP02)		Vulnerable (IUCN: VU D2) [edge of range; at Topperwein]
Lucindale (NCP03)		Near Threatened
Tintinara (NCP04)		Rare (IUCN: RA d(ii))
Kangaroo Island (KAN01)	Kanmantoo	Least Concern
Fleurieu (KAN02)		Rare (IUCN: RA d(ii)) (Probable Decline)
Mount Lofty Ranges (FLB01)	Flinders Lofty Block	Rare (IUCN: RA d(ii)) (Probable Decline)
Eyre Hills (EYB03)	Eyre Yorke Block	Rare (IUCN: RA d(ii))
Talia (EYB04)		Rare (IUCN: RA d(ii))
Murray Lakes and Coorong (MDD03)	Murray Darling Depression	Data Deficient
Lowan Mallee (MDD04)		Near Threatened
Wimmera (MDD05)		Rare (IUCN: RA d(ii))

Mount Gambier (SVP02)	Southern Volcanic Plain	Data Deficient
4 of 4 subregions	Naracoorte Coastal Plain	Near Threatened , Rare , Vulnerable
2 of 2 subregions	Kanmantoo	Least Concern , Rare
Mount Lofty Ranges (FLB01)	Flinders Lofty Block	Rare (IUCN: RA d(ii)) (Probable Decline)
2 of 5 subregions	Eyre Yorke Block	Rare
3 of 6 subregions	Murray Darling Depression	Near Threatened , Rare , Data Deficient