Amphibromus archeri

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Adelaide

Arkaroola

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Amphibromus from the Greek 'amphi' meaning double and 'bromus' a grass genus, referring to the spikelets resembling those of the genus Bromus. Archeri named after William Archer (1820-1874), Fellow of the Linnaean Society, architect and parliamentarian in Tasmania.

Found on Kangaroo Island, Mount Lofty ranges and the South-east in South Australia, growing in damp areas such as lagoons, waterholes and swamps, often on predominantly sandy soils. Also found in Victoria and Tasmania. Native. Common in South Australia. Common in the other States.
Herbarium regions: Flinders Ranges, Eyre Peninsula, Northern Lofty, Murray, Southern Lofty, Kangaroo Island, South Eastern, Green Adelaide
NRM regions: Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges, Eyre Peninsula, Kangaroo Island, South Australian Arid Lands, South Australian Murray-Darling Basin, South East
AVH map: SA distribution map (external link)

An erect perennial grass to 1.2 m tall with leaf blades to 32 cm long and 4 mm wide, glabrous to scabrous below, deeply ribbed with short stiff hairs on the ribs above. Panicle erect to 35 cm long, spikelets to 18 mm long, with 3-7 bisexual florets. Glumes unequal, glabrous. Flowering between October and January. Fruits are lemma more or less smooth to densely papillose. Lemma apex 4-toothed. Awn arising 30-45% of the lemma length from the lemma tip, bent, twisted, scabrous, 14.5-17.5 mm long, pale-green to a dark purple-brown. Seeds are yellow-brown grain to 2mm long. Seed embryo type is lateral.

Collect seeds between November and February. Use hands to gently strip seeds off the mature seed spike that are turning straw colour. Mature seeds will come off easily. Alternatively, you can break off the whole seed spike. Place the seeds/spike in a tray and leave to dry for two weeks. No further cleaning is required if only seed collected. If seed spikes collected, use hand to strip off the mature seeds. Store the seeds with a desiccant such as dried silica beads or dry rice, in an air tight container in a cool and dry place. Seed viability can be low to high depending on maturity. Seeds are non-dormant, viable seed should germinate readily.

Location	No. of seeds (weight grams)	Number of plants	Date collected	Collection number Collection location	Date stored	% Viability	Storage temperature
MSB	4,100 (8.768 g)	50	3-Dec-2007	RJB76090 Southern Lofty		70%
BGA	3,000 (0.84 g)	50	1-Dec-2007	RJB75970 Southern Lofty	19-Sep-2008	100%	+5°C, -18°C
BGA	920 (2.41 g)	30	22-Dec-2008	DJD1410 Southern Lofty	20-Jul-2009	90%	-18°C
BGA	1,700 (5.01 g)	50+	18-Jan-2011	Kuitpo Southern Lofty	1-Jan-2012	70%	-18°C
BGA	6,900 (22.32 g)	150+	29-Nov-2016	KHB906 Southern Lofty	1-Nov-2017		+5°C, -18°C, -80°C

Location: BGA — the seeds are stored at the Adelaide Botanic Gardens, MSB — the seeds are stored at the Millennium Seed Bank, Kew, England.
Number of plants: This is the number of plants from which the seeds were collected.
Collection location: The Herbarium of South Australia's region name.
% Viability: Percentage of filled healthy seeds determined by a cut test or x-ray.

Date	Result	T0	T50	Pre-treatment \| Germination medium \| Incubator: Photoperiod / Thermoperiod
Jul-17	100%	7	7	caryopses excised, 500 mg/L gibberellic acid for 24 h; 1% agar; Incubated under winter conditions
Jul-16	96%	7	7	caryopsis excised; 1% agar; Incubated under spring/autumn conditions
Jul-17	90%	7	7	caryopses excised, 500 mg/L gibberellic acid for 24 h; 1% agar; Incubated under spring/autumn conditions

Result: Maximum percentage of germination observed.
T0: Number of days before first germinant observed.
T50: Number of days to achieve 50% germination.
Pre-treatment: The initial treatment that the seeds received prior to placement on germination media.
Germination medium: The substrate that seeds were placed on for the duration of the germination experiment.
Incubator conditions:
Photoperiod: The duration of light exposure that the seeds were subject to during a 24 hour period.
Thermoperiod: The constant or diurnal temperatures that seeds were subject to during a 24 hour period.
Winter conditions: 15°C 20 h (3am→11pm); 5°C 4 h (11pm→3am) / 10 h light (8am→6pm); 14 h dark (6pm→8am)
Spring/Autumn conditions: 22°C 12 h (8am→8pm); 10°C 12 h (8pm→8am) / 12 h light (8am→8pm); 12 h dark (8pm→8am)
Summer conditions: 30°C 14 h (6am→8pm); 15°C 10 h (8pm→6am) / 14 h light (6am→8pm); 10 h dark (8pm→6am)

Mount Gambier (SVP02)	Southern Volcanic Plain	Vulnerable (IUCN: VU D2) [limited habitat; in forest reserves]
Bridgewater (NCP01)	Naracoorte Coastal Plain	Vulnerable (IUCN: VU D2) [limited habitat; threatened by weeds & drying out]
Glenelg Plain (NCP02)		Rare (IUCN: RA d(ii)) (Probable Decline) [limited habitat; loss of habitat due to drying out]
Lucindale (NCP03)		Rare (IUCN: RA d(i,ii)) (Probable Decline)
Tintinara (NCP04)		Vulnerable (IUCN: VU B1ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii)) (Probable Decline) [also in Gum Lagoon CP; water stress a threat]
Kangaroo Island (KAN01)	Kanmantoo	Vulnerable (IUCN: VU D2) [freshwater/wetland sp; only occasionally seen in good quality habitat; numbers fluctuate; comes & goes; drying out & salinity - threats]
Fleurieu (KAN02)		Rare (IUCN: RA d(ii)) (Probable Decline) [freshwater/wetland sp; only occasionally seen in good quality habitat; numbers fluctuate; comes & goes; drying out a threat]
Mount Lofty Ranges (FLB01)	Flinders Lofty Block	Rare (IUCN: RA d(ii)) (Probable Decline) [freshwater/wetland sp; only occasionally seen in good quality habitat; numbers fluctuate; comes & goes; drying out a threat]
Broughton (FLB02)		Critically Endangered (IUCN: CR D) (Probable Decline)
Southern Flinders (FLB04)		Critically Endangered (IUCN: CR D) (Probable Decline)